Haoqing's Art Website
Thousands of Chinese, he acknowledges, were taken as “slaves” to Cuba, “having been kidnapped and forcibly shipped there to work on the plantations.” The coolie trade flourished in the region around Guangzhou from the 1830s to the 1860s, when moral outrage began to shut down the abusive system.
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— Gordon H. Chang, Ghosts of Gold Mountain, p. 27
The word coolie may have come from a Tamil term related to work; perhaps it is no coincidence that in Chinese, a similar sounding word, kuli (苦力), means bitter labor.
—-Gordon H. Chang, Ghosts of Gold Mountain, p. 28
Cases in 1850s many American ships were carrying hundreds of Chinese to foreign destinations that were not clear to the passengers, often without their consent.
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Robert Browne (the Connecticut ship)
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The Waverly (American ship)
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Messenger in 1860
Smallpox
Size: 436 x 347 mm
Date: July 2024
Media: Procreate, Apple Pencil, Pattern Brush
Creator: Haoqing Yu
Virus I
Size: 297 x 275 mm
Date: July 2024
Media: Procreate, Apple Pencil, Pattern Brush
Creator: Haoqing Yu
Virus II
Size: 270 x 251 mm
Date: July 2024
Media: Procreate, Apple Pencil, Pattern Brush
Creator: Haoqing Yu